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Colf e Badanti, le nuove regole per l'assunzione
About this event: The European And National Management Of Immigrant´s Exclusion And Integration
Related to country: Italy


Che cos’è una colf?
Colf sta per collaboratrice familiare. In Italia ce ne sono un milione e centomila: il 97% sono donne, il 79% straniere. Si stima che le irregolari siano mezzo milione.

Come si assumono?
Per le italiane o comunitarie bastano un documento valido e il codice fiscale. Le pratiche per l'assunzione vanno espletate entro le 24 ore precedenti l'inizio del rapporto di lavoro presso l'Inps o i Caf, i patronati e le associazioni autorizzate. I lavoratori extracomunitari devono essere in possesso del permesso di soggiorno; il loro datore di lavoro deve inviare in Prefettura 5 giorni prima dell'inizio del rapporto una copia del contratto di soggiorno e di quello di lavoro. Deve garantire un orario settimanale non inferiore a 20 ore, dimostrare di possedere un reddito annuo almeno doppio rispetto alla retribuzione dovuta al lavoratore, impegnarsi al pagamento delle spese di viaggio in caso di rimpatrio, assicurare alloggio adeguato o esibire la richiesta del certificato di abitabilità dell’alloggio in cui vive il lavoratore.

Quali sono gli effetti previsti dal governo?
Con la sanatoria sarà possibile non solo regolarizzare il rapporto di lavoro in nero, ma anche legalizzare la presenza irregolare dei lavoratori clandestini. Il Viminale stima che la procedura interesserà circa 300 mila persone, tra cui 170 mila extracomunitari. La Ragioneria generale dello stato ha valutato che ci sarà un gettito complessivo di maggiori entrate contributive pari a un miliardo e 300 mila euro tra oggi e il 2012.

Che cosa bisogna fare per regolarizzare una colf?
La domanda per la sanatoria per colf e badanti extracomunitarie potrà essere presentata al sito del ministero dell’Interno o allo sportello Unico per l’immigrazione. Per italiani o comunitari la domanda va presentata all’Inps. I tempi: fino al 30 settembre.

Chi può usufruire di questa possibilità?
Chi abbia un rapporto di lavoro già in essere da almeno il 30 marzo 2009 e ancora in corso. Il datore di lavoro dovrà, all’atto della presentazione della domanda, versare un contributo di 500 euro per ciascun lavoratore (400 al lavoratore e 100 allo Stato per le spese). Il reddito minimo per la richiesta di assunzione non può essere inferiore a 20 mila euro per le famiglie monoreddito e 25 mila per le altre. L’orario di lavoro minimo dev’essere di 20 ore settimanali. Ogni famiglia può regolarizzare al massimo un lavoratore domestico e due assistenti alla persona.

Chi è escluso?
Non potranno essere regolarizzate colf e badanti che abbiano commesso reati gravi, abbiano già ricevuto un decreto di espulsione, abbiano condanne anche con sentenza non definitiva per reati che prevedono l’arresto in flagranza.

Cosa prevede il contratto di lavoro per le colf?
Vanno indicati: data d’inizio del rapporto di lavoro; livello di appartenenza; durata del periodo di prova (massimo 30 giorni retribuiti); esistenza o meno della convivenza; residenza e domicilio del lavoratore; orari; collocazione della mezza giornata di riposo settimanale in aggiunta alla domenica; retribuzione; periodo di godimento delle ferie annuali.

Che cosè il livello di appartenenza?
Ce ne sono quattro, ciascuno suddiviso in due parametri retributivi (standard e super). Livello A: addetti alla pulizia o baby sitter. Livello B: custodi, cameriere, giardiniere, assistenza a persone autosufficienti. Livello C: assistente a persone non autosufficienti. Livello D: governante, maggiordomo, assistente formato a persone non autosufficienti.

Quanto lavorano e quanto vengono pagate?
Lo stipendio varia a seconda del livello: per chi vive a casa del datore di lavoro si va tra i 550 euro mensili per il livello A ai 1200 per il livello D. L'assistenza notturna va da 862 a 1207 euro mensili. Per i lavoratori non conviventi la paga è oraria: 4 euro per il livello A, 7,10 per il D. Al lavoratore spetta la tredicesima. L'orario è di massimo 10 ore giornaliere, non consecutive, per un totale di 54 ore settimanali per i lavoratori conviventi; 8 ore giornaliere non consecutive per un totale di 40 ore settimanali, distribuite su 5 o 6 giorni per i lavoratori non conviventi. A chi lavora almeno 6 ore consecutive spetta un pasto o un'indennità di pari valore. Lo straordinario prevede una retribuzione oraria maggiorata del 25% dalle 6 alle 22, del 50% dalle 22 alle 6 e del 60% la domenica o nei festivi.

Ferie, riposi e permessi?
Il riposo settimanale è di 36 ore e deve essere goduto per 24 ore di domenica (salvo diversi accordi tra le parti), mentre le residue 12 ore possono essere godute in qualsiasi altro giorno. Chi lavora nelle 12 ore di riposo non domenicale deve avere una maggiorazione del 40%. Nei giorni festivi si riposa. Le ferie ammontano a 26 giorni lavorativi l'anno. Sono previsti permessi per le madri e per frequentare corsi di formazione, oltre a permessi per malattia e sindacali.


September 1, 2009 | 9:55 AM Comments  2 comments



Michael Jackson: 1958-2009
Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Michael Jackson: 1958-2009
"King of Pop" Was Entertainment World's Most Influential Performer - And Tabloid World's Most Disturbing Celebrity




Michael Jackson: 1958-2009

The "King Of Pop" had a life full of number one hits and personal scandals
Stories
NJ Promoter Sues King Of Pop
Jackson Recruits Old Pal For Tour
(CBS/ AP) Michael Jackson, the moonwalking former child star who became known the world over as the "King of Pop" before his life and career deteriorated in a freakish series of scandals, has died. He was 50.

A person with knowledge of the situation says Jackson died Thursday in a Los Angeles hospital. The person was not authorized to speak publicly and requested anonymity.

His death brought a tragic end to a long, bizarre, sometimes farcical decline from his peak in the 1980s, when he was popular music's premier all-around performer, a uniter of black and white music who shattered the race barrier on MTV, dominated the charts and dazzled even more on stage.
Jackson's 1982 album, "Thriller" still is the top-selling album of all time, and Michael Jackson was the top performer in the world through much of the 1980s. But somewhere along the way, Jackson went from the king of pop to wacko Jacko.

Some say it started with an accident during the filming of a TV commercial that burned his scalp severely and led to a dependence on prescription pain killers. He became an increasingly reclusive and odd figure.
He was married briefly to Elvis Presley's daughter, then to his skin doctor's assistant. Jackson was a father of three, despite ongoing speculation that they could not be his natural children. He sparked one of his many scandals when he dangled one of the children over a balcony, causing concern of his parenting skills.

All of those scandals paled to the ongoing suspicion of child abuse. He paid one boy more than $20 million to make his allegations go away, but it happened again one day in November 2003.

The charges stemmed from a documentary in which Jackson stated again his belief that having young boys in his bed was completely natural.

"It's very right. It's very loving. That's what the world needs now," Jackson said at the time.

Much of the world saw it differently. Jackson was arrested, handcuffed, booked and eventually stood trial. The court case was a surreal spectacle befitting Jackson's bizarre way of life, including dancing on top of SUVS, pajamas worn to court, and a string of celebrities walking in and out of the courthouse in Santa Maria, California.

"Please keep an open mind and let me have my day in court," Jackson said.

But the inconsistent testimony from the boy and his family members, including a truly bizarre five days on the stand from the boy's mother, convinced the jury Jackson was not guilty. Still, the acquittal never completely put to rest the questions surrounding Michael Jackson., a curious figure who leaves behind a legacy of staggering musical genius, and stunningly bad judgment.

Jackson has kept a largely low profile in recent years but in March, he announced he would perform a series of London concerts scheduled for July.

Jackson was a master of memorable performances and a man whose real life remains a mystery. Michael Jackson also leaves legions of fans with an ongoing fascination with the one-time and some would say forever king of pop

Collected by
M.S.A. Shobuz

June 25, 2009 | 7:19 PM Comments  0 comments

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Can you rEally read this ?
Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

if yuo cna raed tihs, yuo hvae a sgtrane mnid too. Cna yuo raed tihs? Olny 55% of plepoe can. i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!

January 30, 2009 | 1:17 PM Comments  0 comments

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Youth's Corruption and His Problems
Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

There are many and various reasons for youth's corruption and his problems. Man, during the period of his youthfulness has a lot of physical, mental and intellectual developments. That period is an evolutionary one in which man experiences rapid development in his transformation. Hence the need for providing him with means of self-control and curbing of his self-defiance as well as wise leadership that can lead him to the straight path. Youth corruption can be attributed to many factors, prominent among them are:

1. Joblessness

Joblessness is a disease that kills mental, intellectual and physical capabilities. As a matter of fact, it is inevitable that human being should move and work and if he is deprived of work and movement, his brain becomes beset, his intellect becomes exhausted, and movement of the mind becomes weak and devilish insinuations and malicious thoughts take control of his heart. Evil and wicked intentions may occur to him as a result of the depression that befalls him out of his joblessness.

In order to be cured of this disease, the affected youth should get a vocation that suits him like reading, writing, trading or any other thing that can stand between him and his joblessness and which is capable of making him a sound and useful member of his community whether he does the work for himself or for others.

2. Estrangement between youths and elders

This problem appears in a situation where some elders see corruption in their youths and just stand aloof without making any effort to correct them having lost hope in their reform and consequently hating them or being scared of them and paying non-challenged attitude to their conditions whether they are good or bad.

These elders have already concluded that youths are all corrupted and therefore nurse psychological grudges against every youth, a situation that tears the society apart and causes both elders and youths to regard each other with contempt and disdain. This, indeed, is one of the dangers that encircle the society.

This problem however can be solved if elders and youths endeavour to remove the estrangement and alienation that exist between them. Both should bear it in mind that society- with its youths and elders - is like a single body, and if a part of it decays, the decadence will affect the whole body. Elders also are requested to feel the sense of responsibility rested on their shoulders towards their youths and eliminate the hopelessness of youths' piety in their minds because Allah is capable of doing everything.

For, how often a person straying far has been guided by Allah who thereafter became a torch of guidance and a reformer.
Youths on their part, should hold their elders in high esteem. They should respect their views and accept their directives because they have achieved degrees of experience and reality of life which youths have not achieved. Therefore when elders' wisdom are added to youths' energy the society becomes prosperous by the will of Allah.

3. Getting in contact with corrupted people and keeping their companies

This situation has a lot of psychological, mental and moral influence on the youth. That is why the Prophet (ًٍٍٍِSAWS) said: "Man is on the religion of his intimate friend, so let every one of you look critically for whom to befriend."

Solution to this problem is that the youth should choose a righteous, good and intelligent person as his companion in order to benefit from his goodness, righteousness and intelligence. He should consider people very well before befriending them by studying their conditions and reputations. If they happen to be people of noble character, upright, religious and of good reputation, they are his object of long cherished wish and his acquired booty. He should therefore stick to them.

If on the other hand they happen to be people of opposite characters, he must be cautious of them, keep away from them and should not be carried away by their sweet-talk and fine outward appearance.

4. Reading of destructive books, magazines, newspapers, etc

This type of literature makes one skeptical about his religion and faith and drags one from excellent morality to the abyss of degeneration which naturally leads to kufr (disbelief) and depravity if the youth does not have a strong resistance power in terms of deep Islamic education and mental acuteness and sagacity that can enable him differentiate between truth and falsehood and between what is useful and what is harmful.

Also, reading of this kind of literature turns the youth upside down because it meets fertile ground in his mind and thinking without any hindrance and get its roots strengthened and its stem solidified. It also reflects in his rationality and life.

The solution to this problem is to immediately shift from reading such literature to books that inculcate the love of Allah and His Prophet (SAWS) in one's heart and those books that help in actualizing faith and virtuous deeds. He should patiently endure reading of those books because his soul will put up a strong fight against him in order to coerce him into reading what he was used to before and will make him feel bored and irritated at reading useful books.

Example of him is like a person who wrestles with his soul so as to force it obeys Allah and the soul instead insists on wallowing in falsehood and distraction.

There are many useful books that help in this situation, most important of which is the Noble Qur'an and its Tafseer (explanation) written by scholars who based their exegesis on authentically transmitted ahadeeth [Traditions of Prophet Muhammad (SAWS)] and unequivocal common sense. Equally important and useful are books on ahadeeth and writings of scholars that are deduced and inferred from the two above mentioned sources.

[Summarized from: Youth's Problems in the Light of the Qur'an and Sunnah]



Collected By
SB

January 29, 2009 | 11:13 PM Comments  0 comments

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আর কত মেরে থামবে শিকার, গণচিঠি দিন দেশে দেশে
Related to country: Bangladesh

Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

http://causes.com/stopwar

আর কত মেরে থামবে শিকার, গণচিঠি দিন দেশে দেশে

http://www.somewhereinblog.net/blog/kakshalikgangchil/28898192


(কিছু মন্তব্য দেখে নীচের দিকে কিছু কথা যোগ করতে বাধ্য হলাম। এই পোস্টে এমনহলে মূলসুরটাই কেটে যায়। অনুরোধ করছি, সেই ধরনের কথা,মনোভাব বর্জন করার।অন্যকথাও কিছু আছে)

আমরা ব্লগ থেকে সংগঠিত হয়ে গিয়ে নিজেরা সরিয়ে আনতে পারিনা মৃত্যুর কোলের শিশুদের, মানুষদের। চাইলেই ট্যাঙ্কগুলোকে লাগাতে পারিনা চাষের কাজে। এইগুলি হতে পারে না আ্যাম্বুলেন্স।
যারা চাকরি করতে এসে গুলি ছুড়ছে তাদের মনে করিয়ে দিতে পারি না, বন্দুক ফেলে দাও কিংবা একবার ঘুরিয়ে দেখ মুখ নির্দেশকারির দিকে।
শিশুরা যারা মিসাইলে লেখে ভালবাসার কথা, তাদের বুঝিয়ে দিতে পারি না, তোমাদের বুকে কেন বোনা হচ্ছে ঘৃনার বীজ,শত্রু কোথায়।আমরা হয়ত নিজেদের জায়গার একটা মিছিলও করতে পারি না, পারি হয়ত।

আজ পুঁজিবাদের এই আগ্রাসনে, রাস্ট্রায়ত্ত পুঁজির স্বার্থ কী নিদারুন চেহারা নিচ্ছে আমরা তা বুঝতে পারছি অনায়াসে। নিজের সন্তানের মুখে চোখ রেখে অন্তত আমরা শিউরে উঠতে পারি সেই প্রতিফলনে, গাজার শিশু, ইসরায়েলি শিশু তার বাবা-মায়ের সাথে আমাদের কোন পার্থক্য নেই।

বাংলাদেশের যুদ্ধাপরাধীদের বিচার চেয়ে এই ব্লগাররা অনেক সংঘঠিত ভাবে কাজ করছেন। গনস্বাক্ষরে চাইবেন বিচার। এখন কিন্তু সেরকম সময়ও আর নেই , গাজার জন্য।
নীচে চিঠি রাখলাম সঙ্গে পৃথিবীর প্রায় সবদেশের কতৃপক্ষের ই-মেল আই ডি, রাস্ট্রসংঘের টা এবং তাদের বিভিন্নদেশের অফিসগুলোর ঠিকানা।
আমরা অন্তত তাদের প্রত্যেকদিন মেল করে মনে করিয়ে দিতে পারি ভয়াভয়তার কথা।
যারা অন্য ব্লগগুলোতেও যান, তাঁরাও এইগুলি নিয়ে সেখানে পোস্টদিন।
ঠিকানাগুলো সব ইন্টারনেট থেকে সংগৃহিত, পরীক্ষা করে দেখা হয়নি তবে যতদূর সম্বভ অফিসিয়াল সাইট থেকেই নেয়া হয়েছে।

রাস্ট্রসংঘের মহাসচিব এবং তাদের বিভিন্ন দেশের কর্তাদের দিচ্ছি
এই চিঠি। এখানে সব সদস্যদেশ এবং অন্যদু'একটি দেশ রয়েছে এতে আমরা প্রায় সব দেশেই পৌঁছব। যতটা পারি ভাগ ভাগ করে দি্যেছি কপি করার সুবিধার্থে।

United Nations

Please STOP GENOCIDE IN GAZA, STOP INFANTICIDE IN GAZA.
You are meant to maintain peace. Ask nations to mount pressure, send peace keeping force to Gaza, if it needs. Explel itruders from Gaza.
We can not tolerate more, stop the barbarism

United Permanent Missions
Please place this plea to your concerned country-authority, its people, politicians.
Stop triggering humans.

প্রথমটা আই ডি টা মহাসচিবের
inquiries@un.org,

afgwatan@aol.com, albania@un.int, algeria@un.int, andorra@un.int, themission@angolaun.org, argentina@un.int, armenia@un.int, australia@un.int, azerbaijan@un.int, bangladesh@un.int, bahrain@un.int, info@bruneimission-ny.org, prun@foreign.gov.bb, belarus@un.int, blzun@aol.com, bihnyun@aol.com, botswana@un.int, bulgaria@un.int, bfapm@un.int, burundi@un.int, cambodia@un.int, canada@un.int, capeverde@un.int, caf@un.int, chile@un.int, colombia@colombiaun.org, congo@un.int, costarica@un.int, cuba@un.int, pmccyprus.un@verizon.net, un.newyork@embassy.mzv.cz, dpr.korea@verizon.net, drcongo@un.int, nycmis@um.dk, djibouti@nyct.net, domun@onecommonwealth.org, drun@un.int, egypt@un.int, elsalvador@un.int, mission.newyork@mfa.ee, fiji@un.int, france@un.int, gambia@un.int, germany@un.int, ghanaperm@aol.com, grenada@un.int, guatemala@un.int, missionofguinea@aol.com, guyana@un.int, haiti@un.int, hungary@un.int, unmission@mfa.is, iran@un.int, ireland@un.int, italy@un.int, jamaica@un.int, mission@un-japan.org, missionun@jordanmissionun.com, kazakhstan@un.int, kenya@un.int, lesotho@un.int, libya@un.int, lithuania@un.int, repermad@verizon.net, malawinewyork@aol.com, malaysia@un.int, maldives@un.int, nicaragua@un.int, sknmission@aol.com, rusun@un.int, misiune@romaniaun.org, unmoldova@aol.com, korea@un.int, portugal@un.int, misunphil@aol.com, onuper@aol.com, paraguay@un.int, pngmission@pngun.org, emb@panama-un.org, mission@palauun.org, malionu@aol.com, oman@un.int, samoa@un.int, netherlands@un.int, nepal@un.int, nauru@un.int, namibia@un.int, myanmar@un.int, mozambique@un.int, mongolia@un.int, monaco@un.int, fsmun@fsmgov.org, mexico@un.int, mauritius@un.int, mauritania@un.int, marshallislands@un.int, pakistan@un.int, swaziland@un.int, malawiu@aol.com, myanmarmission@verizon.net, nauru@onecommonwealth.org, cuba_onu@cubanmission.com, uruguay@un.int, tzrepny@aol.com, uk@un.int, tuvalu@onecommonwealth.org, turkmenistan@un.int, tto@un.int, tongaunmission@aol.com, timor-leste@un.int, thailand@un.int, slumission@aol.com, slovenia@un.int, ethiopia@un.int, stp1@attglobal.net, saudi-mission@un.int, seychelles@un.int, sierraleone@un.int, tajikistanun@aol.com, mission@newyork.mfa.sk, sweden@un.int, somalia@un.int, pmun@southafrica-newyork.net, slpmny@aol.com, sudan@sudanmission.org, suriname@un.int, svgun@aol.com, singapore@un.int, zimbabwe@un.int.org, yemen@un.int, vietnamun@vnmission.com, venezuela@un.int, vanunmis@aol.com, usa@un.int, vertretung-un@nyc.rep.admin.ch, blzun@belizemission.com, niger@nigerun.org, delun@mfa.no, poland@polandun.org, sanmarinoun@hotmail.com, senegal.mission@yahoo.fr, syrianmission@verizonmail.com, uno_us@mfa.gov.ua, german-mission-consulate-gic-1@netlink1.net, un.newyork@mfa.no, support@glocksoft.com, ask@israel-info.gov.il, mission@bahamasny.com, nzmissionny@earthlink.net, unmission@belembassy.org, newyork.rp@mae.etat.lu, delgaliviaonu@hotmail.com, delbrasonu@delbrasonu.org, cotedivoiremission@yahoo.com, cromiss.un@mvp.hr, equatorialguineamission@yahoo.com, sanomat.yke@formin.fi, mission@greeceun.org, honduras_un@hotmail.com, india@un.int,indiaun@prodigy.net, imission@nyc.rr.com, kuwaitmission@msn.com, mission.un-ny@mfa.gov.lv, mission@nyc.rep.llv.li, newyorkun@diplobel.be ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
এটা দিচ্ছি রাস্ট্রগুলোকে
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Government, Politicians and People of the nation

Please STOP GENOCIDE IN GAZA, STOP INFANTICIDE IN GAZA.
We are meant to maintain peace. Ask nations to mount pressure, send peace keeping force to Gaza, if it needs. Explel itruders from Gaza.
We can not tolerate more, stop the barbarism

Tell
United Nations
Please place this plea to your people, politicians.
Stop triggering humans.

ই-মেল :

presec@presec.tirana.al, postmaster@minjash.tirana.al,
dragc@gg.dz, pmo@candw.ag,spyd@presidencia.gov.ar,
president@president.am, premier@dpac.tas.gov.au, vklima@spoe.or.at,
bcc@btl.net, foreign@barbadosgov.org,infogrp@president.gov.by, info@belgium.be,
celcom@camnet.cm,
pm@pm.gc.ca, altatalk@gov.ab.ca, pcmbrava@mail.cvtelecom.cv,
webmaster@presidencia.cl, ceo@ceo.gcn.gov.hk, pastrana@presidencia.gov.co, rherrera@ns.casapres.go.cr,
admin@president.hr,
pioxx@cytanet.com.cy,
president@hrad.cz,
stm@stm.dk,
pmoffice@cwdom.dm,
correspondencias@presidencia.gov.do,
lpolanco@serex.gov.do,
webmast@mmrree.gov.ec,
webmaster@presidency.gov.eg,
presidente@casapres.gob.sv,
sekretar@vpk.ee,
valitsus@rk.ee,
info@fiji.gov.fj,
paavo.lipponen@eduskunta.fi,
presidentti@tpk.vn.fi,
office@presidpress.gov.ge,
mail@primeminister.gr,
homerule@gh.gl,
alvaroarzu@guate.net,
Viktor.Orban@meh.hu,
cfwang@hlhg.gov.tw,
david@althingi.is,
webmaster@taoiseach.irlgov.ie,
ask@israel-info.gov.il,
staff@relay.regione.abruzzo.it,
jpm@kantei.go.jp,
info@nic.gov.jo,

vice_president@whitehouse.gov,
comments@whitehouse.gov,
consultassre@gmail.com,
chancery@president.lv,
info@lp.gov.lb,
gidirg@president.lt,
kanceliarija@lrvk.lt,
admin@foreign.gov.mv,
statepas@intnet.mu,
foreignaffairs@mail.fm,
Elbegdorj_TS@prime.pmis.gov.mn,
iczmerc@iafrica.com.na,
provincie@flevoland.nl,
odin@ft.dep.telemax.no,
prime.minister@ministers.govt.nz,
presidente@presidencia.gob.ni,
www@cm.gov.nc.tr,
cfwang@hlhg.gov.tw,
frank-fhp@maf.org,
govspkmn@mozart.inet.co.th,
presoftt@carib-link.net,
cankaya@tccb.gov.tr,
ddlbsl@tccb.gov.tr,
mofa@starcom.co.ug,

number10@petitions.pm.gov.uk,
postmaster@ribbon.kiev.ua,
oda@mail.gov.if.ua,
prime_minister@tavrida.crimea.ua,
ens@odsadm.odessa.ua,
press.nio@nics.gov.uk,
comexpri@bolivar.funmrd.gov.ve,
slobodan.milosevic@gov.yu,
state@zamnet.zm,

primeminister@pak.gov.pk,
postmaster@mininfo.pna.org,

presssecy@alpha.nic.in,
presidentofindia@rb.nic.in,
manmohan@sansad.nic.in,

ofasin@presidencia.gob.pa,
primeminister@pm.gov.pg,
oppto_martin@pres.gob.pe,
inka+@qenqo.rcp.net.pe,
erap@erap.com,
ppdoadn@butuanonline.com,
capitol@bgo.cyberspace.com.ph,
listy@prezydent.pl,
cirinfo@kprm.gov.pl,
guv@kappa.ro,
president@gov.ru,
secretariat@tatar.ru,
pmoffice@candw.lc,
ppo@seychelles.net,
tomaz.lovrencic@vlada.sigov.mail.si,
darinka.ilovar@up.sigov.mail.si,
communications@po.gov.za,
premsa@iafrica.com,
for_min@sri.lanka.net,
burpres@sr.net,
ppcu@realnet.co.sz,
regeringen@regeringen.se,
peter.w.frey@ag.ch,
info@sip.etat.lu,president@albd.org, postmaster@mx.parliament.govt.nz,postmaster@ag.ch,postmaster@maf.org,postmaster@ag.ch,paavo.t.lipponen@gmail.com,homerule@g.gh.gl,homerule@gh.gl,postmaster@presidencia.gob.do,postmaster@maf.org,postmaster@serex.gov.do,ask@israel-info.gov.il,postmaster@mininfo.pna.org

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ইসরায়েল আর প্যালেস্টাইনের দু'টো আলাদা করে দিলাম । ইচ্ছা হলে আলাদা করে লিখতে পারেন।
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ইসারেল:ask@israel-info.gov.il
প্যালেস্টাইন: postmaster@mininfo.pna.org
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হোয়াইট হাউস: comments@whitehouse.gov
vice-president কেও লেখা যেতে পারে।
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সংযোজিত: কয়েকটা মেইল বাউন্স করতে পারে মেইল বক্স ভর্তি না অন্যকারনে, সেগুলিতে মনোযোগ দেয়ার দরকার নেই,ঐরকম অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রেই দ্বিতীয় কোনোও আই ডি জুড়ে দেয়া হয়েছে পোস্টে।
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যে সব দেশের সরকারের ঠিকানা ২য় চিঠিতে আছে সেগুলি হল

Afganistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and BarbudaArgentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, AzerbaijanBahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin,Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,Colombia, Comoros, Congo (Dem. Rep.), Congo (Rep.), Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,Denmark, Djibouit, Dominica, Dominican Republic,Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia,Fiji, Finland, France,Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Greenland, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran,Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast,Jamaica, Japan, Jordan
Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan,Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar,Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Cyprus, North Korea, Norway

Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu,Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom,Vanuatu, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam,Western Samoa,Yemen, Yugoslavia,Zambia, Zimbabwe,
Oman,Pakistan, Palau, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal,Qatar,Romania, Russia, Rwanda,Saint Kitts And Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent And The Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome And Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka,Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria

ই-মেল এ কপি করতে অসুবিধা হবে বলে পাশাপাশি দিলাম না

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এই পোস্টে কিছু মন্তব্য দেখে, এই অংশটি যোগ করছি :

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গাজার মানুষ বাঁচুক, তা সে মুসলিম না অন্যকিছু তার খবরের দরকার নেই। গাজার মানুষ বাঁচাতে গিয়ে ইসরায়েল মানুষ পাল্টা নিধনে মারা যাক, তা চাই না। উপরেও সেটা লিখেছি।
এই পোস্টি দয়া করে কোন ধর্মীয় গোষ্ঠির উপর আঘাত এই দৃষ্টিকোন থেকে লেখিনি। দয়া করে সেরকম কোন বিচার থেকে কোনো কমেন্ট করবেন না, যাদের কাছে মানুষ মারা যাচ্ছে, শুধু এটাই কোন পয়েন্ট না, সাথে অন্য অনুপান চান, তারা দয়া করে এখানে লেখা বিরত রাখুন। কারন এতে মূল উদ্দেশ্যটাই মার যায়। এইরকম রেসিস্ট অনিভবের ফসলই কিন্তু আজেকর গাজা। মূল শত্রু কারা সেটা চিন্হিত ও বর্জন করুন, সেটা পুঁজিবাদি আগ্রসান যারা ধর্মকে একটা অস্ত্র হিসাবে ব্যবহার করে।

কোন কেয়ামত চাইনা আরও কী ধ্বংস দরকার। কিসের পর কী কেয়ামত আসে বলে কেউ বলেছেন।কোন বিতর্ক করে এই পোস্টির মূল ভাবনাটা ঘুরিয়ে দিতে চাই না, আপনারাও বর্জন করুন প্রতিক্রীয়াশিল মোনোভাবের মন্তব্যগুলিকে।
হিব্রু'র উত্তর দিতে পারি কিন্তু তার আগে দরকার শিশুদের, মানুষের মৃত্যু বন্ধ হওয়া।মৃত্যু নিয়ে না হয় ধর্ম নাই হল। মৃত্যু মানে সবার কাছেই এক, গাজার শিশু, ইসরায়েলি শিশু তার বাবা-মায়ের সাথে আমাদের কোন পার্থক্য নেই।
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১৮ ই জানুয়ারী, ২:৩০
ইসরায়েল সিসফায়ার করবে বলে মুখে বলেছে, ৩০ মিনিট আগে নাকি তা শুরু হয়েছে কিন্তু সেনা,বন্দুক,গোলা-বারুদ নিয়ে বসে আছে গাজাতেই , তাদের প্রোয়োজনে আবার শুরু করবে বলে । আগ্রাসন। এ কেমন সিজ -ফায়ার !!!!! ভাঁওতা মনে হয়, আসলে মানূষ মারতে আরও ছুতো সাজানো হচ্ছে।
জেনেভা কনভেনসনের কিছুই মানা হচ্ছে না।
আমরা এখনই চিঠি লেখা বন্ধ করছি না। আরও দুটো লাইন যোগ করছি তাতে।মানুষ মারাই লক্ষ্য।
পৃথিবীতে যুদ্ধ বন্ধ হোক।



Collected by

Shobuz Bhai ( http://causes.com/stopwar )

from somewhereinblog.net




January 19, 2009 | 7:32 PM Comments  0 comments

Tags:


Earth Quake - Bangladesh
Related to country: Bangladesh

Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Click the lInk for details

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Maps/10/90_25.php

Moderate quake hits northeastern Bangladesh
2 hours ago

A shallow, 4.9-magnitude earthquake hit northeastern Bangladesh early Sunday, meteorologists said.

The US Geological Survey (USGS) said the quake was centred 115 kilometres (70 miles) north of the capital Dhaka at a depth of 5.2 kilometres and struck at 12:51 am (1851 GMT Saturday).

There were no reports of any damage or casualties, but the tremor was felt in Dhaka and a police spokesman in Mymensingh, the district nearest the epicentre, told AFP it sparked panic there.

A meteorologist at Bangladesh's Storm Warning Centre said it had measured the quake at 5.6 on the Richter scale, according to local media reports.

Bangladesh last month announced plans to step up its earthquake response contingency plans.

The South Asian nation sits on active tectonic plates and is frequently jolted by tremors. The last major earthquake struck in 1896.


AFP- Report

Collected by
M.S.A. Shobuz

July 26, 2008 | 7:35 PM Comments  2 comments

Tags:


Untitled
Related to this project: Permesso di Sorggiorno and Full Rights for all the Immigrants

Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Italy declares state of emergency over immigration

Saturday, 26 July , 2008, 16:40

Rome: The Italian government announced a nationwide state of emergency on Saturday in reaction to a phenomenal increase in illegal immigration to the country's south.

The Silvio Berlusconi government's move is to provide local authorities with greater means to deal with the rising tide of illegals arriving by boat.

Interior Minister Roberto Maroni plans to build new intake centres throughout the country, the daily La Repubblica reported.

Also in the news: Anxiety in Bangalore a day after terror blasts | Column: Heroes of a devil's democracy

According to the interior ministry, nearly 11,000 people illegally migrated to Italy in the first half of 2008, twice as many that came in the same period in 2007.

The Italian government called a state of emergency with a wave of refugees in 2002 and it was renewed annually - even under the centre-left government of Romano Prodi. As the intake centres in February 2008 seemed sufficient, the Prodi government limited the emergency measures to the three southern regions of Calabria, Sicily and Puglia. The Berlusconi government at the behest of the Interior Ministry has now widened the powers to the entire country.

Warning of the introduction of a "police state," the country's opposition attacked the measures sharply, calling them abhorrent. "Italy does not need inhuman and extraordinary measures," said parliamentarian Rocco Buttiglione, the Turin-based newspaper La Stampa reported on Saturday.

In response, Maroni criticised what he claimed was the opposition intention to make the state of emergency seem like an entirely new development, and called the opposition position "the worst Italian politics."

The Interior Minister is to face Parliament on Tuesday.

Berlusconi, who was elected Prime Minister in April, had declared the fight against illegal immigration a priority. A first step was the passage this week of a package of new security laws brought forward by the conservative government.

The number of illegal immigrants in Italy is estimated at around 650,000. Tens of thousands of refugees attempt the dangerous journey in less-than-seaworthy boats from North Africa into southern Europe each year.

Overnight another 73 would-be immigrants arrived in two boats at the Italian island of Lampedusa.



Collected By
M.S.A. Shobuz

July 26, 2008 | 6:56 PM Comments  1 comments

Tags:


Symbol, barcode, sign, logo for Msn & others
Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

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April 10, 2008 | 2:24 AM Comments  1 comments



Genocide 1971:Bangladesh
Related to country: Bangladesh

Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

“…… we were told to kill the hindus and Kafirs (non-believer in God). One day in June, we cordoned a village and were ordered to kill the Kafirs in that area. We found all the village women reciting from the Holy Quran, and the men holding special congregational prayers seeking God’s mercy. But they were unlucky. Our commanding officer ordered us not to waste any time.”

Confession of a Pakistani Soldier



It all started with Operation Searchlight, a planned military pacification carried out by the Pakistan Army started on 25 March, 1971 to curb the Bengali nationalist movement by taking control of the major cities on March 26, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military, within one month. Before the beginning of the operation, all foreign journalists were systematically deported from Bangladesh. The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid May.

According to New York Times (3/28/71) 10,000 people were killed; New York Times (3/29/71) 5,000-7,000 people were killed in Dhaka; The Sydney Morning Herald (3/29/71) 10,000 - 100,000 were killed; New York Times (4/1/71) 35,000 were killed in Dhaka during operation searchlight.

The operation also began the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. These systematic killings served only to enrage the Bengalis, which ultimately resulted in the secession of East Pakistan later in December, 1971. The international media and reference books in English have published casualty figures which vary greatly; 200,000–3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole.

There is only one word for this: Genocide.

Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971
The mass killings in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) in 1971 vie with the annihilation of the Soviet POWs, the holocaust against the Jews, and the genocide in Rwanda as the most concentrated act of genocide in the twentieth century. In an attempt to crush forces seeking independence for East Pakistan, the West Pakistani military regime unleashed a systematic campaign of mass murder which aimed at killing millions of Bengalis, and likely succeeded in doing so.

In national elections held in December 1970, the Awami League won an overwhelming victory across Bengali territory. On February 22, 1971 the generals in West Pakistan took a decision to crush the Awami League and its supporters. It was recognized from the first that a campaign of genocide would be necessary to eradicate the threat: “Kill three million of them,” said President Yahya Khan at the February conference, “and the rest will eat out of our hands.” (Robert Payne, Massacre [1972], p. 50.) On March 25 the genocide was launched. The university in Dacca (Dhaka) was attacked and students exterminated in their hundreds. Death squads roamed the streets of Dacca, killing some 7,000 people in a single night. It was only the beginning. “Within a week, half the population of Dacca had fled, and at least 30,000 people had been killed. Chittagong, too, had lost half its population. All over East Pakistan people were taking flight, and it was estimated that in April some thirty million people [!] were wandering helplessly across East Pakistan to escape the grasp of the military.” (Payne, Massacre, p. 48.) Ten million refugees fled to India, overwhelming that country’s resources and spurring the eventual Indian military intervention. (The population of Bangladesh/East Pakistan at the outbreak of the genocide was about 75 million.)

The gendercide against Bengali men
The war against the Bengali population proceeded in classic gendercidal fashion. According to Anthony Mascarenhas:

There is no doubt whatsoever about the targets of the genocide. They were: (1) The Bengali militarymen of the East Bengal Regiment, the East Pakistan Rifles, police and para-military Ansars and Mujahids. (2) The Hindus — “We are only killing the men; the women and children go free. We are soldiers not cowards to kill them …” I was to hear in Comilla [site of a major military base] [Comments R.J. Rummel: “One would think that murdering an unarmed man was a heroic act” (Death By Government, p. 323)] (3) The Awami Leaguers — all office bearers and volunteers down to the lowest link in the chain of command. (4) The students — college and university boys and some of the more militant girls. (5) Bengali intellectuals such as professors and teachers whenever damned by the army as “militant.” (Anthony Mascarenhas, The Rape of Bangla Desh [Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1972(?)], pp. 116-17.)

Mascarenhas’s summary makes clear the linkages between gender and social class (the “intellectuals,” “professors,” “teachers,” “office bearers,” and — obviously — “militarymen” can all be expected to be overwhelmingly if not exclusively male, although in many cases their families died or fell victim to other atrocities alongside them). In this respect, the Bangladesh events can be classed as a combined gendercide and elitocide, with both strategies overwhelmingly targeting males for the most annihilatory excesses.

London, 6/13/71). The Sunday Times…..”The Government’s policy for East Bengal was spelled out to me in the Eastern Command headquarters at Dacca. It has three elements:

1. The Bengalis have proved themselves unreliable and must be ruled by West Pakistanis;
2. The Bengalis will have to be re-educated along proper Islamic lines. The - Islamization of the masses - this is the official jargon - is intended to eliminate secessionist tendencies and provide a strong religious bond with West Pakistan;
3. When the Hindus have been eliminated by death and fight, their property will be used as a golden carrot to win over the under privileged Muslim middle-class. This will provide the base for erecting administrative and political structures in the future.”

Bengali man and boys massacred by the West Pakistani regime.
Younger men and adolescent boys, of whatever social class, were equally targets. According to Rounaq Jahan, “All through the liberation war, able-bodied young men were suspected of being actual or potential freedom fighters. Thousands were arrested, tortured, and killed. Eventually cities and towns became bereft of young males who either took refuge in India or joined the liberation war.” Especially “during the first phase” of the genocide, he writes, “young able-bodied males were the victims of indiscriminate killings.” (”Genocide in Bangladesh,” in Totten et al., Century of Genocide, p. 298.) R.J. Rummel likewise writes that “the Pakistan army [sought] out those especially likely to join the resistance — young boys. Sweeps were conducted of young men who were never seen again. Bodies of youths would be found in fields, floating down rivers, or near army camps. As can be imagined, this terrorized all young men and their families within reach of the army. Most between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five began to flee from one village to another and toward India. Many of those reluctant to leave their homes were forced to flee by mothers and sisters concerned for their safety.” (Death By Government, p. 329.) Rummel describes (p. 323) a chilling gendercidal ritual, reminiscent of Nazi procedure towards Jewish males: “In what became province-wide acts of genocide, Hindus were sought out and killed on the spot. As a matter of course, soldiers would check males for the obligated circumcision among Moslems. If circumcised, they might live; if not, sure death.”

Robert Payne describes scenes of systematic mass slaughter around Dacca (Dhaka) that, while not explicitly “gendered” in his account, bear every hallmark of classic gender-selective roundups and gendercidal slaughters of non-combatant men:

In the dead region surrounding Dacca, the military authorities conducted experiments in mass extermination in places unlikely to be seen by journalists. At Hariharpara, a once thriving village on the banks of the Buriganga River near Dacca, they found the three elements necessary for killing people in large numbers: a prison in which to hold the victims, a place for executing the prisoners, and a method for disposing of the bodies. The prison was a large riverside warehouse, or godown, belonging to the Pakistan National Oil Company, the place of execution was the river edge, or the shallows near the shore, and the bodies were disposed of by the simple means of permitting them to float downstream. The killing took place night after night. Usually the prisoners were roped together and made to wade out into the river. They were in batches of six or eight, and in the light of a powerful electric arc lamp, they were easy targets, black against the silvery water. The executioners stood on the pier, shooting down at the compact bunches of prisoners wading in the water. There were screams in the hot night air, and then silence. The prisoners fell on their sides and their bodies lapped against the shore. Then a new bunch of prisoners was brought out, and the process was repeated. In the morning the village boatmen hauled the bodies into midstream and the ropes binding the bodies were cut so that each body drifted separately downstream. (Payne, Massacre [Macmillan, 1973], p. 55.)

Strikingly similar and equally hellish scenes are described in the case-studies of genocide in Armenia and the Nanjing Massacre of 1937.

How many died?
Bangladeshi authorities claim that 3 million people were killed, while the Hamoodur Rahman Commission, an official Pakistan Government investigation, put the figure as low as 26,000 civilian casualties. The fact is that the number of dead in Bangladesh in 1971 was almost certainly well into seven figures. It was one of the worst genocides of the World War II era, outstripping Rwanda (800,000 killed) and probably surpassing even Indonesia (1 million to 1.5 million killed in 1965-66).

As R.J. Rummel writes:

The human death toll over only 267 days was incredible. Just to give for five out of the eighteen districts some incomplete statistics published in Bangladesh newspapers or by an Inquiry Committee, the Pakistani army killed 100,000 Bengalis in Dacca, 150,000 in Khulna, 75,000 in Jessore, 95,000 in Comilla, and 100,000 in Chittagong. For eighteen districts the total is 1,247,000 killed. This was an incomplete toll, and to this day no one really knows the final toll. Some estimates of the democide [Rummel’s “death by government”] are much lower — one is of 300,000 dead — but most range from 1 million to 3 million. … The Pakistani army and allied paramilitary groups killed about one out of every sixty-one people in Pakistan overall; one out of every twenty-five Bengalis, Hindus, and others in East Pakistan. If the rate of killing for all of Pakistan is annualized over the years the Yahya martial law regime was in power (March 1969 to December 1971), then this one regime was more lethal than that of the Soviet Union, China under the communists, or Japan under the military (even through World War II). (Rummel, Death By Government, p. 331.)

People regard that the best option is to regard “3 million” as not an absolute but an arbitrary number. The proportion of men versus women murdered is impossible to ascertain, but a speculation might be attempted. If we take the highest estimates for both women raped and Bengalis killed (400,000 and 3 million, respectively); if we accept that half as many women were killed as were raped; and if we double that number for murdered children of both sexes (total: 600,000), we are still left with a death-toll that is 80 percent adult male (2.4 million out of 3 million). Any such disproportion, which is almost certainly on the low side, would qualify Bangladesh as one of the worst gendercides against men in the last half-millennium.

Who was responsible?
“For month after month in all the regions of East Pakistan the massacres went on,” writes Robert Payne. “They were not the small casual killings of young officers who wanted to demonstrate their efficiency, but organized massacres conducted by sophisticated staff officers, who knew exactly what they were doing. Muslim soldiers, sent out to kill Muslim peasants, went about their work mechanically and efficiently, until killing defenseless people became a habit like smoking cigarettes or drinking wine. … Not since Hitler invaded Russia had there been so vast a massacre.” (Payne, Massacre, p. 29.)

There is no doubt that the mass killing in Bangladesh was among the most carefully and centrally planned of modern genocides. A cabal of five Pakistani generals orchestrated the events: President Yahya Khan, General Tikka Khan, chief of staff General Pirzada, security chief General Umar Khan, and intelligence chief General Akbar Khan. The U.S. government, long supportive of military rule in Pakistan, supplied some $3.8 million in military equipment to the dictatorship after the onset of the genocide, “and after a government spokesman told Congress that all shipments to Yahya Khan’s regime had ceased.” (Payne, Massacre, p. 102.)

The genocide and gendercidal atrocities were also perpetrated by lower-ranking officers and ordinary soldiers. These “willing executioners” were fuelled by an abiding anti-Bengali racism, especially against the Hindu minority. “Bengalis were often compared with monkeys and chickens. Said Pakistan General Niazi, ‘It was a low lying land of low lying people.’ The Hindus among the Bengalis were as Jews to the Nazis: scum and vermin that [should] best be exterminated. As to the Moslem Bengalis, they were to live only on the sufferance of the soldiers: any infraction, any suspicion cast on them, any need for reprisal, could mean their death. And the soldiers were free to kill at will. The journalist Dan Coggin quoted one Punjabi captain as telling him, ‘We can kill anyone for anything. We are accountable to no one.’ This is the arrogance of Power.” (Rummel, Death By Government, p. 335.)

Eyewitness accounts
The atrocities of the razakars in killing the Bengalis equaled those of their Pakistani masters. An excerpt from an article written in the Azad, dated January 15, 1972, underscores the inhuman atrocities of the Pakistani troops and their associates, the razakar and al-Badr forces:

‘….The people of Narail can bear witness to the reign of terror, the inhuman atrocities, inflicted on them after (General) Yahya let loose his troops to do what they would. After March 25, many people fled Jessore in fear of their lives, and took refuge in Narail and its neighboring localities. Many of them were severely bashed by the soldiers of Yahya and lost their lives. Very few people ever returned. Bhayna is a flourishing village near Narail. Ali Akbar is a well-known figure there. On April 8, the Pakistani troops surrounded the village on the pretext that it was a sanctuary for freedom fighters. Just as fish are caught in a net so too were the people of this village all assembled, in an open field. Then everyone- men, women, and children–were all forced to line up. Young men between the ages of 25 and 30 were lined up separately. 45 people were shot to death on the spot. Three of Ali Akbar’s brothers were killed there. Ali Akbar was able to save himself by lying on the ground. But no one else of that group was as fortunate. Nadanor was the Killing field. Every day 20 to 30 people were taken there with their hands tied behind their backs, and killed. The dead bodies would be flung into the river. Apart from this, a slaughter house was also readied for Bengalis. Manik, Omar, and Ashraf were sent to Jessore Cantonment for training and then brought to this slaughter house. Every day they would slaughter 9 to 12 persons here. The rate per person was Taka ten. On one particular day, 45 persons were slaughtered here. From April 15 to December 10, the butchery continued. It is gathered that 2,723 people lost their lives here. People were brought here and bashed, then their ears were cut off, and their eyes gouged out. Finally they were slaughtered… : The Chairman of the Peace Committee was Moulana Solaiman. With Dr. Abul Hussain and Abdul Rashid Mukhtar, he assisted in the genocide. Omar would proudly say, “During the day I am Omar, at night I am Shimar( legendary executioner famous for extreme cruelty). Don’t you see my dagger? There are countless Kafirs (heretics) on it.”

Chuknagar: The largest genocide during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971


Chuknagar is a small business town located in the Dumuria Thana of Khulna district and very close to the India Bangladesh border. In 71 thousands of refugees gathered in Chuknagar to go to Kolkata. According to a conservative account around ten thousand people were in Chuknagar waiting to cross the border.

In the early morning of May 10, the fatal day around 10am two trucks carrying Paki troops arrived at Kautala (then known as Patkhola). The Pakis were not many in number, most possibly a platoon or so. As soon as the Paki trucks stopped, the Pakis alighted from the truck carrying light machine guns (LMGs) and semi automatic rifles and opened fire on the public. Within a few minutes a lively town turned into a city of death.

The accounts of the two hundred interviewees were same. They differed only in details. “There were piled up dead bodies. Dead Kids’ on dead mum’s laps. Wives hugging their beloved husbands to protect them from killer bullets. Dads’ hugging their daughters to shield them. Within a flash they all were just dead bodies. Blood streamed into the Bhadra river, it became a river of corps. A few hours later when the Paki bastards ran out of bullets, they killed the rest of the people with bayonet.”

Source: Muntassir Mamun, The Archive of Liberation War, Bangabandhu and Bangladesh Research Institute

http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/

Collected by
M.S.A. Shobuz
Shobuz Bhai

April 8, 2008 | 11:16 PM Comments  0 comments



Radhuni Bangladesh Night in Rome
Related to country: Italy

Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Radhuni Bangladesh Night in Rome


Radhuni, a popular brand of Square Consumer Products, will arrange a two-day
cultural extravaganza in Rome from April 13.
The organisers informed media at a press conference held on Saturday in
the city. Abdul Mukit Muzamder, director of Impress Telefilm Limited,
Mohammad Malik Syeed, head of marketing of Square Consumers Products limited
and Obadiul Haq, assistant marketing manager of the same organisation, among
others, were present at the briefing.
They said that the noted singers and performers would take part at the
programme titled 'Radhuni Bangladesh Night'.
Among the artists, popular singers Sabina Yasmin, Kumar Bishwajit, Bari
Siddiquee, Ankhi Alamgir, Nukul Kumar Bishwas, Biplab and Shahnaz Belly will
sing at the programme. Popular performers Mahfuz Ahmed, Purnima, Tisha,
Tinni, and model-turned-actor Novel will also attend the extravaganza.
The organisers hoped that the cultural programme would not only uphold
the spice product Radhuni among the Italians but also would present the
cultural heritage.
The two-day cultural function would also delight the expatriate
Bangladeshis in Rome, they added.
They also said that the product had already earned a good response in the
Italian market and this sort of programme would help to popularise the
product more in that country.
Channel-i will co-operate with the organisers as the media partner for
the event.

Cultural Correspondent
Newsbd

Collected By
Shobuz Bhai



April 8, 2008 | 11:12 PM Comments  0 comments



There is no such thing that truth lies outside of you. the ultimate truth lies within you.
Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

The Human

Sura # 76 (The Human):

1. "Is it not a fact that there was a time when the human being was nothing to be mentioned?"
2. "We created the human from a liquid mixture, from two parents, in order to test him. Thus, we made him a hearer and a seer."
3. "We showed him the two paths, then he is either appreciative, or unappreciative."


What most people are unaware of, is the very STRUCTURE of their own selves.

Most of us grow up to think that 'we' are just made-up of the 'soul' which, when it dies, reverts back to GOD.

Although this information is 'partially' correct, there is also much more to the make-up of the human being which GOD explains to us through the Quran.

It is the devil's system to confuse and weaken us so we do not even know how to fight him!. One principal rule of any conflict is that you "know your enemy". But before doing that, you must first "know yourself"!.



Rouh = Soul?

This is the single biggest misconception that people have made which helped distort the issue of 'who we are'.

In Arabia, when someone dies, the people say: 'let us pray on his Rouh!'.

Also, when they speak about someone dying, the say: 'his Rouh has left him'.

In schools, they teach our kids that the 'Soul' is the 'Rouh' and that is what will die and be judged and punished or rewarded...

However, the story changes when we look at what GOD has to say:

"GOD takes the 'Nafs' when death comes, and also at the time of sleep..." (39:42)

"No 'Nafs' dies except by GOD's leave, at a predetermined time..." (3:145)

"Every 'Nafs' tastes death, then you receive your recompense on the Day of Resurrection..." (3:185)

"...You shall not kill the 'Nafs' that GOD has made sacred, except in the course of justice..." (6:151)

"...she said: my Lord, I have wronged my 'Nafs"..." (27:16)

Well, you get the picture!.

GOD tells us that our 'Soul' is called 'Nafs', and that this 'Nafs' is what is taken at death and what is judged on j-day (then rewarded or punished). The 'Nafs' is YOU, it is your entire being, it is your slate, which is burdened or lightened by your actions...

So, if the 'Soul' is the 'Nafs', then what is the Rouh?



Rouh = Spirit.

"While a barrier separated her from them, we sent to her Our 'Rouh'. He went to her in the form of a human being." (19:17)

"They ask you about the 'Rouh'. Say: 'The 'Rouh' comes from my Lord. And you were not given knowledge, except little." (Quran 17:85)

It becomes apparent to the reader that the 'Rouh' is from GOD and it is the accumulation of 'knowledge' that will assist the human being in his life...It is best described as 'Spirit'.

You see, animals also have 'Nafs' just like we do (it is their life-force), yet, you do not see monkeys building spaceships nor turtles working on computers!.

The 'Rouh' is the gift that GOD gave to our species to allow us the advantage of 'knowledge'.

"Once I perfect him (the human), and blow into him from My 'Rouh', you shall fall prostrate before him." (15:29)

All animals can communicate with one another (remember the birds speaking to Solomon?). However, it is only man that has 'knowledge'.

The 'Rouh' is GOD's gift to us, and it is only GOOD. The information that the 'Rouh' provides each of us is to be used for our benefit, but we have the 'choice' to use it for evil (like nuclear fission being used to make a bomb).

Some unfortunate news about the 'Rouh': It will NEVER approach you and save the day. for example, you are struggling to understand something. If you don't ask GOD for help, it won't go; "hey, here is the answer!" no, you have to approach it. Also, it will always be LITERAL. you will have to be specific of what you are asking. Note, you don't have to say this out loud. You can just think of it - because many times, humans have hard time expressing what exactly they want to ask. With the spirit of god, you don't have to worry about this - as long as you get the intention of asking, the spirit will know the question...as much as you wanted to ask and that ALONE (though it knows all the questions you know - it is not going to answer anything you did not ask).



Thus if we can summarize what we have upto this point.

The human being so far is made-up of:

1. The 'Soul' - Nafs (the is YOU, the real person, what makes choices and what will be judged);

2. The 'Spirit' - Rouh (this is a gift from GOD, it is NOT yours, you do not own it, all people have access to it - like the Quran. It's purpose is to help provide answers and knowledge to help your Soul make the right decisions).




Satan - Shaitan

The 3rd and most lethal mix in the equation of man is 'Satan'.

"He (Satan) said, "Since You have honored him over me, if You respite me till the Day of Resurrection, I will possess all his descendants, except a few." (17:62)

The unfortunate fact of our lives is that Satan challenged the right of our ancestors to posses access to the 'Rouh". Satan claimed that he was more qualified to utilize GOD's gift and that he would do a better job with it:

He (GOD) said, "What prevented you from serving when I ordered you?" He said, "I am better than he; You created me from fire, and created him from mud." (7:12)

This questioning of man's ability led to a dispute in the heavens and 'doubts' thus erupted:

Sura 38 (S'ad):

67 . Say, "Here is awesome news.
68. "That you are totally oblivious to.
69. "I had no knowledge previously, about the feud in the High heavens.
70. "I am inspired that my sole mission is to deliver the warnings to you."
71. Your Lord said to the angels: 'I am creating a human being from clay.
72. "Once I design him, and blow into him from My spirit, you shall assist him."
73. The angels assisted, all of them,
74. except Satan; he refused, and was too arrogant, unappreciative.
75. He said, "O Satan, what prevented you from assisting what I created before with My hands? Are you too arrogant? Have you rebelled?"
76. He said, "I am better than he; You created me from fire, and created him from clay."
77. He said, "Therefore, you must be exiled, you will be banished.
78. "You have incurred My condemnation until the Day of Judgment."
79. He said, "My Lord, respite me till the Day of Resurrection."
80. He said, "You are respited.
81. "Until the appointed day."
82. He said, "I swear by Your majesty, that I will send them all astray.
83. "Except Your worshipers who are devoted absolutely to You alone."

The above verses tell the story very clearly.

Satan requested that he be given a chance to 'prove' that man is unfit for the task...

And GOD thus allowed Satan (who has evil intentions) to entice us (but NOT have access to us):

"You may entice them with your voice, and mobilize all your forces and all your men against them, and share in their money and children, and promise them. Anything the devil promises is no more than an illusion." (Quran 17:64)

"I will come to them from before them, and from behind them, and from their right, and from their left, and You will find that most of them are unappreciative." (7:17)

Had the story stopped there, we would still be fine. Problem is, Satan managed to trick our ancestors into giving him ACCESS to our Souls!:

"The devil whispered to them, in order to gain access to them. He said, "Your Lord did not forbid you from this tree, except to prevent you from becoming angels, and from attaining eternal existence." (7:20)

Eating from the 'forbidden' tree allowed Satan to have constant access to our 'Nafs'.

The mix we now have is:

1. The 'Soul' - Nafs ;

2. The 'Spirit' - Rouh;

3. Satan - Shaitan (this is the devil having access to our Souls and being able to influence them).

Satan is the ULTIMATE falsehood within you. If there is ever a falsehood, don't look for it...outside of you - it lies within you.

Some more bad news: unlike the Rouh, Satan APPROACHES you. If you have a delimma, he will give your answer. Whether the answer is correct is not even a question, because we know it isn't. sometimes, before you even have a delimma, he will give you chaos...because he will give you so much falsehood in your life that you will end up feeling CONFUSED, DEPRESSED, feeling HATED by god, ABANDONED, etc etc etc - all the things he thrives in.

Do not despair.

Because Satan exists within you, there isn't much you can do about getting rid of him for good. however, you can get rid of every time he approaches - and as long as you keep in mind you shouldn't get tired of kicking him into silence, you are always the winner - because he invades your mind. by seeking refuge in GOD, you give the Rouh authority to keep him silent.

"When you learn the Quran, you shall seek refuge in GOD from Satan the rejected. He has no power over those who believe and trust in their Lord. His power is limited to those who choose him as their master, those who choose him as their god." (16:98-100)

How can you be safe with his falsehood information?. Every time he offers a solution, you do not take it for face value - you go and ask your Rouh. if you get a solution without asking for it - there are two ways you might've got that;

1. The 'Nafs' gave it to you (your own subconscious made the suggestion);

2. It came from Satan!.


You never get unasked solutions from the spirit. Abraham...whom god has chosen...was not approached by GOD - he approached GOD. The point is; GOD always loves you...but he won't stop you from ruining your life...if you don't ask for His help. GOD never abandons someone entirely...and never guides someone entirely - if he did, he would Abraham, Mohammed, etc - messengers whom He has chosen (who we see making human mistakes). And guidance, unlike the Muslim understanding of it...is a process of every situation...instead of all at once thing.



Final Note:

The best Islam is within you - the spirit of GOD (Rouh'u Allah) is within you. There is no such thing that truth lies outside of you. the ultimate truth lies within you. please, take advantage of that blessing. It will be your ultimate weapon against falsehood...


By Free-Minds (e-mail: free@free-minds.org)

SOUL IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY



The discussion of the human soul, its existence, nature, ultimate objective and eternity, occupies a highly important position in Islamic philosophy and forms its main focus. For the most part Muslim philosophers agreed, as did their Greek predecessors, that the soul consists of non-rational and rational parts. The non-rational part they divided into the plant and animal souls, the rational part into the practical and the theoretical intellects. All believed that the non-rational part is linked essentially to the body, but some considered the rational part as separate from the body by nature and others that all the parts of the soul are by nature material. The philosophers agreed that, while the soul is in the body, its non-rational part is to manage the body, its practical intellect is to manage worldly affairs, including those of the body, and its theoretical intellect is to know the eternal aspects of the universe. They thought that the ultimate end or happiness of the soul depends on its ability to separate itself from the demands of the body and to focus on grasping the eternal aspects of the universe. All believed that the non-rational soul comes into being and unavoidably perishes. Some, like al-Farabi, believed that the rational soul may or may not survive eternally; others, like Ibn Sina, believed that it has no beginning and no end; still others, such as Ibn Rushd, believed that the soul with all its individual parts comes into existence and is eventually destroyed.

1 The existence of the soul

2 The nature of the soul

3 The rational soul

4 The ultimate objective of the soul

5 Eternity of the soul

References end further reading



1 The existence of the soul

All Muslim philosophers concerned themselves with the subject of the soul. The most detailed and most important works on this subject are those of al-Kindi, al-Farabi, Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd. Muslim philoso­phers recognized that the first issue, that confronts the human mind with regard to the soul is its existence. That is why, at the very beginning of his inquiry about the soul in al-Shifa’ (Healing), Ibn Sina (§6) asserts that we infer the existence of the soul from the fact that we observe bodies that perform certain acts with some degree of will. These acts are exemplified in taking nourishment, growing, reproducing, moving and perceiving. Since these acts do not belong to the nature of bodies, for this nature is devoid of will, they must belong to a principle they have other than bodies. This principle is what is called ‘soul’.

This argument is intended to prove the existence of the animal soul, which includes the plant soul. The soul is the source of acts performed by the will, not inasmuch as it is ‘a substance’ (an independent entity), but inasmuch as it is ‘the principle of such acts’. The rational soul, on the other hand, need not look outside itself to infer its existence. It is aware of its existence with immediacy, that is, without any instruments. Ibn Sina’s example of the suspended man is intended to prove that the rational soul is aware of itself apart from any body. His argument boils down to the view that, even if the adult rational soul is not aware of anything material, not even its body, it remains aware of its own existence.



2 The nature of the soul

While Islam made it incumbent on Muslim philoso­phers to occupy themselves extensively with the study of the soul and to make certain statements that in some cases appear consistent with Islamic beliefs, Greek philosophy had the upper hand in forming the real convictions of Muslim philosophers with regard to the nature of the soul. Unless otherwise specified, reference to :he soul here is limited to the terrestrial soul to the exclusion of the celestial one, since Muslim philosophers concerned themselves primarily with the former. It must be pointed out at the outset that ‘soul’. (nafs) was used in more than one sense in Islamic philosophy; the term was used to refer to the plant or vegetative part of a living being, the animal or sensitive part, the rational part and finally the totality of all three parts. The first two are the non-rational soul and the totality is the human soul. To add to the confusion, ‘human soul’ is used only in the sense of this fourth type of soul. The plant, animal and; rational souls are also called powers or parts of the; soul. Only from the context can one understand, whether a Muslim philosopher was using ‘soul’ in the broad sense to mean the human soul (the totality of the parts of the soul), or in the narrow sense to mean a specific part of the human soul.

Inasmuch as it has a certain relation to a body, the soul is a form for that body, that is, the perfection of that body. It is a form because a natural body is composed of matter and form, which in the case of animals are body and soul. Since it has been shown that the soul is the source of will and therefore is not matter, it remains a form. Perfection is of two types, primary and secondary. A primary perfection is what makes a thing actually a species, as shape does for the sword, or a genus as sensation and-movement do for animals. A secondary perfection is an act necessitated by the nature of the species or genus, such as cutting for the sword and touching for animal. The soul is a primary perfection of a natural body capable of performing the secondary perfections necessitated by this primary perfection. Together with its body, the soul constitutes a material substance. This substance can be the subject of plant, animal or human life.

The soul is a perfection inasmuch as it makes a natural body into a plant, an animal or a rational being. However, to define the soul as a perfection does not give us a clue as to what the soul is in itself, but only inasmuch as it has a relation to the body. The body is, therefore, an essential element in the definition of the soul. Without relating to a body, the thing we call ‘soul’ is not a soul and does not require the body as an essential part of its definition. Note, however, that in spite of this assertion, perhaps for the lack of any better term, Muslim philosophers use ‘soul’ also to refer to the rational soul after it separates from the body and reaches a complete state of purity from matter.

In its first or lowest stages of relating to the body, the soul is the plant soul, which is a primary perfection for an organic natural body inasmuch as this body can take nourishment, grow and reproduce. The plant soul is the power human beings and other animals share with plants. If the body with a soul is an animal, the soul develops into the animal soul, which is a primary perfection for an organic natural body inasmuch as this body has sensation and movement through will. While this soul includes the plant soul, it has also a sensitive power and a locomotive one. The sensitive power has both external and internal senses. The external senses are, in priority of existence, touch, taste, smell, hearing and sight. The first three are said to be necessary for survival and the last two for well being. In Talkhis kitab an-nafs (Middle Commentary on Aristotle’s On the Soul), IBN RUSHD (§3) asserts that the five external senses may be in potentiality, as in infancy and sleep, or in actuality, as in daily seeing or hearing. He also argues that there cannot be any external sense other than these five because there would be no function for it, since there is no external sensation other than the objects of the five senses mentioned above. Most Muslim philosophers men­tion three types of internal senses: common sense, imagination and memory. IBN SINA (§3) enumerates five internal senses: common sense, representational power, imagination, estimative power and memory. On the whole, the philosophers agree on the function of the common sense, imagination and memory; the function that Ibn Sina limits to the representational and estimative powers, other Muslim philosophers allocate to the imagination.

The common sense is an internal power in which all the objects of the external senses are collected. Contrary to the external senses, which can grasp only one type of sensation, as sight grasps light and hearing grasps sound, the common sense can grasp all external sensations, such as that honey is of such and such a colour, texture and smell. The representational power preserves the sensations of the common sense even after sensible things disappear. The imagination selects at will to combine some of the objects of the representational power with each other and to separate the rest. It makes its judgment about external things, but in the absence of these things. That is why it functions best when the external senses, which represent external things, are not at work, as in sleep. Ibn Rushd points out that animals such as worms and flies that do not act except in the presence of sensible things are devoid of imagination. The imagination is called such inasmuch as it is an animal instrument; it is called cognitive inasmuch as it is a rational instrument. The estimative power grasps non-sensible notions of sensible things, such as the sheep’s notion that the wolf is to be avoided. This notion is about a sensible thing but is not grasped through the external senses, as is the colour or shape of a wolf. Memory preserves the notions of the estimative power. The imagination acts on the objects of memory in the same way it acts on those of the representational powers. Like the objects of the external senses, those of the internal senses are particular and material. The difference is that they can be experienced in the absence of external things and are to some degree abstracted from matter.

The locomotive power branches into that which causes movement and that which actually moves. The former, the desiderative power, subdivides into the appetitive and the irascible. The appetitive causes movement toward what is imagined to be necessary or beneficial in the pursuit of pleasure. The irascible causes avoidance of what is imagined to be harmful or an impediment in the pursuit of dominance. The power that actually moves uses the nerves to relax the muscles at the demands of the appetitive power or tighten them at the demands of the irascible one.



3 The rational soul

The rational soul, which is defined as a primary perfection for an organic natural body inasmuch as this body can act by rational choice and grasp the universals, is divided into the practical and the theoretical intellects. The practical intellect seeks knowledge in order to act in accordance with the good in its individual body, its family and its state. It must, therefore, know the principles for properly managing the body, the family and the state, that is, ethics, home management and politics. The practical intellect is the rational soul turning its face down­ward. The function of the theoretical intellect is to know just for the sake of having the universals (the realities or natures of things). Some of these natures, such as God and the intellect, cannot attach to movement; knowledge of them is metaphysics. Other natures, such as unity, can attach to movement but do not; knowledge of them is mathematics. Still other natures, such as humanity and squareness, can attach to movement either in reality and thought, such as humanity, or in reality but not in thought, such as squareness. Knowledge of these is physics.

The theoretical intellect is the rational soul with its face upward. The practical intellect looks up to the theoretical one and moves its body accordingly. In this, the practical intellect is similar to :the celestial soul that looks up to the intellect of its sphere and moves its sphere accordingly. Thus, like .the celestial soul, the practical intellect is the link between intellect as such and matter.

On the whole, Muslim philosophers followed al-Kindi’s division of the theoretical intellect into the material intellect (al-‘aql al-hayulant), the habitual intellect (al-‘agl bil-malaka), the actual intellect (al-‘aql bi’!-fi’b and the acquired intellect’ (al-‘aql al-mustafad). The material intellect is a blank slate with the potentiality for grasping the intelligible forms or universals. Ibn Sina points out that it is referred to as material, not because it is actually material but because it resembles matter in accepting the form. The habitual intellect grasps the universals, as one acquires the skill to write; in other words, this intellect has the ability to use the universals but does not always do so. The actual intellect grasps the universals in actuality and is always ready to use them. While Muslim philosophers differed slightly with regard to their accounts of the acquired intellect, their general view is that it is the highest human state, the point of contact with the divine, the agent intellect (the intelligence of the moon, the lowest celestial intellect), which makes it possible for the theoretical intellect to acquire the universals in the purest form (see EPISTEMOLOGY IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY §4).



4 The ultimate objective of the soul

AL-FARABI asserts that even though the soul is of different parts, it is a unity with all its parts working for one final end, happiness. While the plant soul, for example, serves a specific function, it also serves the powers that are higher than it in rank, the animal powers. Without nourishment, growth and reproduc­tion, the animal powers cannot perform their necessary functions. Similarly, while the function of the animal powers is to have sensation and movement, by performing this function they also promote the functions of the powers above them, the rational ones. The operations of the animal powers, especially those of the senses, are particularly important for the attainment of the final end. The external senses strip the forms from material objects and convey them to the internal senses. The more they are transferred internally, the less mixed with matter do they become. Since the innermost sense they reach is the imagina­tion, they are there in their purest material existence (see IMAGINATION).

The role of the objects of the imagination is not always clearly defined in Islamic philosophy. Occa­sionally it is said by somebody like Ibn Sina to be one of preparation for the theoretical intellect to receive the universals from the agent intellect. At other times Ibn Sina, like other Aristotelians such as Ibn Rushd, takes these objects to be the ingredients out of which the universals are made after the last process of purification (see EPISTEMOLOGY IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY). It seems, however, that in either case the light of the agent intellect is needed to complete the process. In the former case, this light gives the intelligible forms to the theoretical intellect when this intellect is prepared. In the latter case, it sheds itself on the objects of the imagination, which are then reflected on the theoretical intellect without their matter. Since the theoretical intellect is in its first stages in potentiality, it cannot act on the objects of the imagination directly; hence the need for the agent intellect, which is pure actuality. The role of the practical intellect in all this is to put order into the body. This sets free the theoretical intellect from preoccupation with the body and helps the powers whose function is necessary for theoretical knowledge to function unhampered.

Muslim philosophers adhered to the view that the acquired intellect is one with its objects, for they thought the knower and the known are one, as did their Greek predecessors. This means that the highest human state is one in which unity with the universals or the eternal aspects of the universe is reached. This state is described as happiness because in it eternity, an aspect of the objects of the acquired intellect, is attained.



5 Eternity of the soul

When Muslim philosophers assert that the soul comes into existence simultaneously with the coming into existence of the body, some, such as Ibn Sina (§6), who believe that the rational soul is in essence non­material, are thinking only of the non-rational soul. Others, such as Ibn Rushd (§3), who believe that the rational soul is originally not separate from matter, contend that the whole human soul comes into existence. The latter believe that since the rational soul grasps the universals from particular sensibles, and since such sensibles are material and have a temporal beginning, this soul must also be material and must have a temporal beginning. Those who attribute non-materiality to the essence of the rational soul, such as AL-KINDI and Ibn Sina, assert that this soul pre-exists the body. While all of them agree that the non-rational soul is destroyed after the destruc­tion of the body, they differ with regard to the end of the rational soul.

Al-Kindi and Ibn Sina, for example, strongly adhere to the view that all rational souls are indestructible because by nature they are simple. AL-FARABI reminds us that the reason for eternal existence is the rational soul’s knowledge of the eternal aspects of the universe. From this he draws the conclusion, as did ALEXANDER OF APHRODISIAS before him, that only those rational souls that have this knowledge at their separation from the body are indestructible. Other rational souls are eventually destroyed. Ibn Sina finds in the grasping of the universals the grounds for happiness, not the eternity of the soul. Ibn Rushd seems to hold that only the acquired intellect can be indestructible; but the acquired intellect, he argues (as does his teacher IBN BAJJA), is divine and numerically one in all. Ibn Rushd was attacked for this view because it denies eternal existence of individual souls (see AVERROISM; SOUL, NATURE AND IMMORTALITY OF THE).

See also: ARISTOTELIANISM IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY; EPISTEMOLOGY IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY; ETHICS IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY; IBN RUSHD §3; IBN SINA §6; MYSTICAL PHILOSOPHY IN ISLAM; SOUL, NATURE AND IMMORTALITY OF THE



References end further reading

al-Farabi (c.870-950) al-Madina al fadila (The Virtuous City), trans. R. Walter, Al-Farabi on the Perfect State.’ Abu Nasr al-Farabi’s Mabadi’ Ara’Ah al-Madina al-Fadila, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. (English and Arabic of the most comprehensive and best known philosophical work of al-Farabi.)

Ibn Rushd (1180) Tahafut al-tahafut (The Incoherence of the Incoherence), trans. S. Van Den Bergh, London: Luzac, 1954. (A response to a number of issues raised by al-Ghazali against philosophers. One of the three most important of these issues is that of the soul and its fate.)

- (c.1174) Talkhis kitab an-nafs (Middle Commentary on Aristotle’s On the Soul), ed. A.F. al-Ahwani, Cairo: Maktabat an-Nahda, 1950. (Includes also four other essays: Ibn Baja’s Risalat al-ittisal (Essay on Conjunction), Ishaq Ibn Hunayn’s Kitab ft an-nafs (Book on the Soul), Ibn Rushd’s Risalat al-ittisal (Essay on Conjunction) and al-Kindi’s Risalat al-‘aql (Essay on Intellect).)

Ibn Sina (980-1037) an-Nafs (The Soul), ed. F. Rahman, Avicenna’s de Anima, London: Oxford University Press, 1959. (The most important and detailed philosophical treatise on the soul in Islamic philosophy, the sixth part of the Physics of al-Shifa’. An Arabic edition of the text is included.)

(980-1037) Ahwal an-nafs (The States of the Soul), ed. A.F. al-Ahwani, Cairo: Dar Ihya’ al-Kutub al-Arabiyya, 1952. (Includes Risala fi an-nafs wa-baqa’ha wa-ma’adiha (Essay on the Soul, Its Permanence and Its Second Life), Mabhath ‘an al-qiwa an-nafsaniyya (Inquiry about Psychic Powers), Risala fi ma’rifat an-nafs an-natiga (Essay on Knowing the Rational Soul) and Risala fi al-kalam ‘ala an-nafs an-natiqa (Essay on an Inquiry Concerning the Rational Soul).)

- (980-1037) an-Najat (Deliverance), ed. F. Rahman, Avicenna’s Psychology, London: Oxford University Press, 1952. (The psychology of an-Najat is an abridgement by Ibn Sina of his encyclopedic work al-Shifa’ (Healing).)

- (980-1037) Rasa’d ash-shaykh ar-ra’is f asrar al-hikma al-mashriqiyya (Essays of the Master of the Head on the Secrets of Oriental Wisdom), ed. M. Mehren, Traites mystiques d’Avicenna, Leiden: Brill, 1889-99. (Ibn Sina’s ‘oriental philosophy’.)

Inati, S.C. (1996) A Study of Ibn Sina’s Mysticism, London: Kegan Paul International. (Includes a detailed analysis of Ibn Sina’s notion of the soul and a translation of the fourth part of al-Isharat wa­‘1-tanbihat (Remarks and Admonitions).)

al-Kindi (before 873) Rasa’il al-Kindi al falsafiyya (Al-Kindi’s Philosophical Treatises), ed. M. Abu Rida, Cairo: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, 1953. (Includes al-Kindi’s most relevant works on the subject of the soul, al-Qawl fi an-nafs (Discourse on the Soul), Fi an-nafs (On the Soul) and Fi mahiyyat an-nawm war-ru’ya (On the Essence of Sleep and Internal Vision).)



SHAMS C. INATI


Collectede By
Shobuz Bhai